1521 ~ Martin Luther confronted the emperor Charles V in the Diet of Worms and refused to retract his views that led to his excommunication.

1775 ~ American revolutionaries Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott rode though the towns of Massachusetts giving the warning that "the British are coming."

1819 ~ Birthday of Franz von Suppe, Composer.

1857 ~ Birthday of Clarence Darrow, Lawyer.

1882 ~ Birthday of Leopold Stokowski, one of the greatest conductors of all time.

1946 ~ Birthday of Hayley Mills, Actress.

1949 ~ The Republic of Ireland was established.

1954 ~ Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Egypt.

1980 ~ Rhodesia became in independent nation of Zimbabwe.

1984 ~ Michael Jackson went into surgery to repair damage done after his hair caught fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial.

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Eudaimonia