Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: Actions of Villers-Bretonneux: Violent attacks on junction of British and French in Amiens sector south of Somme; Villers-Bretonneux lost to 2 German divisions with 13 tanks (over 390 PoWs); they also threaten Allied junction in Amiens sector. Battle very severe at Hangard; Germans finally capture village.
First tank-vs-tank action: a British Mk IV ‘Male’ (Mitchell) knocks out German A7V Elfriede (after it disables 2 ‘Females’), which is then captured; 7 British Whippet light tanks (1 lost) run down 400 German infantry.
A7V “Elfriede” was disabled by four shots of the 6-pounder of a Mark IV tank and captured: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...7V-02.jpg?ssl=1
Attacks beaten off east of Robecq and north-east of Bailleul.
Heavy artillery fire in Woevre.
British Naval aircraft riad Zeebrugge and Ostend.
A French car camouflaged with tree branches: © IWM (Q 7871): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...422266642890753
British and French soldiers playing with baby goats: © IWM (Q 6561): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...452475761053696

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: 8,000 Red Guards and 10 guns vainly try to retake Lahti from 800 German troops until April 29.

Southern Front
Macedonia: Lively fighting west of Doiran and in Cherna Bend.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Mozambique: Kartucol push checked at Mbalama Hill, but Captain Brodie’s reconnaissance party storm observation post and force German retreat on April 25. Rosecol advances on Koronje and Nanungu (April 27-29), Kartucol takes over on April 30.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Arabia: During past week, a 53-mile section of Hejaz railway south of Maan effectively occupied by Arab troops.
Manchuria: Cossacks under Colonel Semenov defeat 500 armed Hungarian prisoners of war and drive them back towards Chita.

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary: Count Bela Serenyi tries to form Ministry; and fails next day.
France: French papers publish Lichnowsky memorandum in full.
United Kingdom: Rectification of Anglo-Turkish agreement for exchange of prisoners announced.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: Second Battle of Kemmel Ridge or Second Battle of Kemmelberg (Lys) (25th/26th): Mount Kemmel stormed by German forces (see 19th, and August 31st). Allied line forced back. Very strong attack on British and French from Bailleul to Hollbeke.
Anglo-Australian night attack by 2 brigades (night April 24-25) recaptures Villers-Bretonneux with 600 PoWs. German illustration showing the battle: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...740606565470208
Following yesterday’s tank-against-tank battle during the Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a destroyed German A7V tank: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...755705736974337
96 German planes fire 60,000 MG rounds and drop 700 bombs on 3 villages in low-level preparation for assault on Kemmel Hill; RAF lose 4 planes to only 1 German.
A British 13-pounder anti-aircraft gun in action at Omiecourt, France: © IWM (Q 11023): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...785908131483649
In the Woevre, after heavy bombardment, German attack is stopped.
British engineers setting up a roadside mine near Robecq to slow the German offensive: © IWM (Q 6557): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...846302179086336
British soldiers defending the canal at Robecq. The canal is crossed by German troops later today: © IWM (Q 7874): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...125649007824896

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Germans report junction with Finnish army 30 miles north of Helsingfors.
Ukraine: Germans announced to be near Sevastopol.

Southern Front
In Asiago basin British patrols force enemy detachments to retire.

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea: World’s first dedicated anti-sub hunter-killer submarines (British R.1 and R.2) launched at Chatham (class of 12 launched by October 5, 1918).
7 German Zeebrugge seaplanes shoot down 1 of 2 Felixstowe flying boats (down another on June 6).
Damage to the British cruiser HMS Vindictive, which participated in the indecisive Zeebrugge raid: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...816107678175232
Eastern Atlantic: U-boat sinks sloop HMS Cowslip off Cape Spartel (near Gibraltar).
Adriatic: Royal Navy Air Service aircraft bomb Durazzo.
Britain: First Lord Geddes memo on ‘The Future of the Russian Fleets.’
St George’s Channel: Royal Navy sloop Jessamine depth charges and sinks U-104.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Persia: Small British column (aided by 4 RAF aircraft) defeats pro-German Sinjabis northeast of Kasr-i-Shirin.
Armenia: Turks occupy Kars (first time since 1878), find over 212 field and fortress guns.

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary: German demands for use of Limburg (Lemburg, now, Lvov) railway agreed to.
United Kingdom: Mr. Winston Churchill reviews work of Ministry of Munitions; losses since March 21 more than made good; 750,000 women working, doing 90% shell production; 100,000 men released to forces since May 1917.
Women as workers in a British munitions factory: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...abrik.jpg?ssl=1
Harold Harmsworth, Lord Rothermere, resigns his position in the Air Ministry.
Red Cross sale £151,000.
Exports prohibited to Russia.
Australia: Mr. Hughes and Mr. Cook appointed to represent Australia at War Conference.
Belgium: A Belgian refugee family who fled Lille, Belgium due to the hardships of German occupation: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...155842875379713
United States: Potato eating urged instead of bread.
Netherlands: Mr. Loudon, Dutch Foreign Minister, says relations with Germany difficult.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: Second Battle of Kemmel Ridge or Second Battle of Kemmelberg (Lys) (25th/26th): In Kemmel region, Germans occupy Kemmel Hill and village and Dranoutre after very severe fighting, capturing 6500 French prisoners. Kemmel Hill overlooks south of Ypres. Ruins of Ypres: © IWM (Q 6730): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...427631279001600
Locre is lost and retaken by French.
Along the Ypres-Comines Canal, the Allied line falls back; at Voormezeele (Ypres) heavy fighting results in ultimate repulse of Germans; (and twice on April 27).
In Luce Valley and at Givenchy, fighting is to the advantage of the Allies.
French Foreign Legion (851 casualties) storms Hangard Wood and holds it against 5 counter-attacks.
Map showing the German order of battle during its current offensive: © IWM (Q 17200): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...186048143052801
Smoke billows from Amiens due to the German bombardment on the city: © IWM (Q 11152): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...201141371162625

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: 3,000 German troops capture Hameenlinna and meet Finnish Nyland Dragoons on April 27. Red director Kullervo Manner flees Viborg with 3 steamers for Petrograd.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: General Egerton’s 10,500 men (5 columns) wrest Kifri-Tuz Khurmatli from 3,000 Turks (until April 29); 6th Indian Cavalry Brigade charges at Kulawand on April 27, destroying Turk rearguard (200 killed, 565 PoWs and 1 gun captured); 13th Division takes Tuz as 13th Hussars’ charge causes 1,300 Turks with 12 guns and 20 MGs to surrender on April 29.
British cavalry charging in Middle East: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...t-Kav.jpg?ssl=1

Political, etc
Russia: Bolsheviks protest against German Brest-Litovsk violations.
United Kingdom: Ministry of Reconstruction issues report of Balfour Committee on commercial and industrial policy after the war.
Netherlands: Birth of the Dutch athlete, Francina "Fanny" Elsje Blankers-Koen, best known for winning four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: In Ypres sector Voormezeele is twice attacked by Germans without success. Local fighting astride Ypres-Comines Canal.
The Museum of Picardie (Musée de Picardie) in Amiens damaged by German shelling: © IWM (Q 11451): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...835317682327552
First contingent of Italian troops arrive on the French front. [Approximate date.]
Canadian Armoured Autocar in France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...457834155954176
British soldiers examining the downed fuselage of a German Pfalz D-III at the Vert Galand Aerodrome: © IWM (Q 12165)
A member of the British Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps carrying rations in a German helmet at Etaples: © IWM (Q 8743): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...518233844834305
British and French troops sharing drinks near Amiens: © IWM (Q 10940): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...548439108292609
A French doctor tending to the wounds of a British soldier at Villers-Bretonneux: © IWM (Q 10936): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...774923768909824
African American Army cooks on a hospital train at Horreville, France: © IWM (Q 93185): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...867031158812672

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: Rapid British advance north of Baghdad; Kifri captured.
Armenia: Turks report capture of Kars with 860 guns (also reported for earlier).

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary: Dr. Sandor Wekerle again appointed Hungarian Prime Minister (see 17th and October 24th).
Russia: Soviet Central Executive Committee abolishes rights of inheritance. At Petrograd White plotters name Grand Duke Alexis Nikolaievich ruler of Russia.
Georgia: Independence of Georgia (Trans-Caucasia) declared by its Diet.
France: France announces that there will be three meatless days a week starting on May 15 due to limited supply and the need to feed arriving American soldiers.
United Kingdom: Announcement of Sir W. Weir's appointment as Secretary of State for Royal Air Force.
Wheat acreage highest since 1882 but only 500,000 bales of cotton (11 weeks supply) left.
India: Important War Conference at Delhi.
Italy: Italy’s role in an international front is highlighted on this Italian propaganda poster: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...front.jpg?ssl=1

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: Germans again make a local attack at Locre and are repulsed.
Great artillery activity in Luce Valley and south of Lassigny.
Further attacks on Hangard Wood are repulsed.
At Langemarck, Belgians repulse a big German raid.
Allies announce that an American force has entered the line under French command on Northern battle front.
American troops wearing body armor tested with bullets at Langres, France: © IWM (Q 112258): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...897292655276033
German prisoners captured by the Canadians on the Western Front: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...175055459086338

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Reds shoot 26 White PoWs in Viborg prison. Red Guard night attacks throw back Germans, taking 2 guns, but held at Lahti.
Southern Russia: German troops reach Taganrog, Sea of Azov, in Donetz coal basin.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: British forces reach the Ak Su river (Tigris).

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary: Death of Gavrilo Princip (the assassin of Sarajevo 1914), age 22, in hospital of tuberculosis, Theresienstadt. The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie, the student Gavrilo Princip, who eradicated an entire era. At time of the crime with an age of 18 years, which precluded a death sentence against him, he dies in prison of tuberculosis: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...incip.jpg?ssl=1
Poland: Polish Government addresses Note to Central Powers.
Portugal: Senhor Sidonio Paes, Provisional President, is elected President of the Portuguese Republic.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Kaiserschlacht: Unternehmung Georgette, known in the west as Battles of the Lys or the German Lys Offensive: The Battle of the Scherpenberg (Lys) brings to an end the Battles of the Lys (see 9th).: Heavy bombardment between Meteren and Voormezeele followed by violent infantry attacks by 13 Divisions; but only capture Scherpenberg, a knoll 2 miles northwest of Mt Kemmel from French and 2-mile stretch of British-held Salient outpost line, 3 miles south of Ypres. French regain Locre.
Haig and Plumer contemplate retreat to prepared St Orner line. Ludendorff suspends the offensive at 2200 hours.
Lorraine: US codebreakers give Doughboys 1/2 hour warning of attack.
First of Rickenbacker’s 26 victories; an Albatros fighter at Baussant. German aircraft losses since March 21 are 659; RAF/RFC in March and April 1,032 planes.
Eddie Rickenbackjer in front of his SPAD fighter: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-Spad.jpg?ssl=1
A YMCA tent damaged by German selling at Ansauville, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...205256721223681
A French pilot and an American soldier boxing during a tournament at St. Aignan: © IWM (Q 70262): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...265654925291524

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Viborg taken by White Guards. In the following days, several hundred Red prisoners and civilians suspected of having Communist ties are massacred. Captured Red troops: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...531168704614400
Ukraine: General Groener establishes military dictatorship (Kiev martial law from April 26) under landowner Hetman (ex-Tsarist) General Skoropadski, having arrested anti-German League dissolved Rada.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Mozambique: British columns from coast and Lake Nyssa have forced Germans to River Lurio; other British and Portuguese columns approaching this river from the South.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: British capture Tuz Khurmati.
British soldiers carrying a wounded man during the fighting against Ottoman troops north of Baghdad, Mesopotamia (Iraq): © IWM (Q 24663): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...235451863851009
British medic tending to the wounds of an Ottoman soldier north of Baghdad: © IWM (Q 24666): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...561422273843200

Political, etc
Germany: Formation of State Grain Bureau in Ukraine announced. (Yes, this is referring to the German cooperative occupation of the Ukraine, in support of Ukrainian independence).
France: Bonnet Rouge treason trial opens.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Fierce fighting in Noyon sector.
OHL decides on major diversionary offensive (Goerz) against French designed to draw Allied reserves south from Flanders. Once achieved, a further heavy attack will be mounted to encompass BEF’s destruction.
180 German triplanes available. Allied April losses 232 aircraft and 16 balloons to Germans’ 136 aircraft.
A standard Fokker Dr I triplane in 1918: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...gzeug.jpg?ssl=1
Since April 27 flights of obsolete DH6s on anti-U-boat patrol.
During April 118,000 US troops sail for France, BEF losses 143,168 soldiers, only 48 of 61 divisions battleworthy.
Trainload of British tanks being transported near La Vicogne, France: © IWM (Q 11495): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...591608168075265
British soldiers defending behind a wire block on a road at St. Jean, France: © IWM (Q 6594): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...606697398964225
Camouflage netting used to hide the American 26th Division headquarters at Boucq, France from German aerial surveillance: © IWM (Q 63746):

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Red Western Army cut in half by German-White Guard attacks.
Russia: Ex-Tsar and family brought to Ekaterinburg in the Urals.
By now 386,000 Austro-German PoWs returned home. Turkestan Soviet Republic proclaimed.

Southern Front
Operations during the month confined to artillery, air and patrol actions.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic: Canadian Pacific liner, S.S. Oronsa, sunk by submarine.
Irish Sea: Royal Navy convoy sloop Coreopsis gunfire sinks coastal submarine UB-85 in Northern Channel.
Further prohibited area in North Sea announced for 15 May.
Allied and neutral shipping losses to U-boats in April: 112 ships (67 British with 488 lives) worth 273,355t (215,543t British from all causes); German U-boat figure 134 ships worth 300,069t including 43 ships worth 80,126t in Mediterranean; 6 U-boats sunk.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: Second action of Es Salt begins (see May 4th). Line advanced at Mezra (Jerusalem).
Second Trans-Jordan ‘Raid’ (until May 4): Chauvel’s 13,000 men with 66 guns vs 9,000 Turks and Germans and c.70 guns. 60th Division and NZ Mounted Brigade only take first line of Turk Nimrin position east of Jordan, 3rd ALH (Australian Light Horse, mounted infantry) Brigade captures Es Salt (Turk Fourth Army HQ) but 4th ALH Brigade checked at Jisr-ed-Damieh bridge.
Arabia: British reach Tank river on Mosul road and capture 12 guns and 1,800 prisoners.
Persia: Sykes’ Mission: 3,344 British troops and 7,898 South Persia Rifles (292 British-Indian officers and NCOs).

Political, etc
Russia: Rumoured that a counter-revolution is about to take place.
Ukraine: German troops dissolve the Ukrainian People’s Republic and instead install Pavlo Skoropadskyi as Hetman of Ukraine: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...621812013793281
France: Wounded French veterans given training as barbers: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...893635133722624
United Kingdom: Mr. Ian Macpherson, Under-Secretary of State for War, appointed Vice-President of Army Council.
Major-General Charles Harrington to be Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Comparative quiet on Western Front.
French improve their positions before Locre.
U.S. troops join Amiens front.
No.1 to No.5 Air Force Areas are formed, but the words 'Air Force' are dropped from the titles of almost immediately.
Zeebrugge lock gates heavily bombed with 32t of bombs (and on May 2, 6, 12 with Ostend on May 22) aiming for lock gates. Bruges docks also attacked on May 25 with 36t of bombs.
In May first flight of super-Handley Page V/1500 ‘Berlin Bomber’ at Belfast, but crashes in June, second prototype tested mid-October and 3 of 255 ordered ready in Norfolk (No 166 Squadron) on Armistice Day.
In early May Fokker D-VIIs reach German fighter units in quantity, 828 by August 31. Germans have 2,551 pilots at front.
The actual link that got left out yesterday: Camouflage netting used to hide the American 26th Division headquarters at Boucq, France from German aerial surveillance: © IWM (Q 63746): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...925024453373954
American soldiers putting on their gas masks after a gas alarm is sounded: © IWM (Q 61480): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...955209911422976
British soldiers setting up a machine gun post in a barn near Haverskerque, France: © IWM (Q 6571): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...228246070046720

Eastern Front
Ukraine: Sevastopol taken by German forces (April 30th/May 1st).
Russia: General Skoropadski proclaimed Hetman, Germans occupy Odessa.

Southern Front
British airmen in Balkans bomb Bulgarian aerodromes in Vardar valley.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Part of Russian Black Sea Fleet seized by the Germans (see June 21st, 1917 and June 18th and November 26th, 1918).
South Atlantic: During May Brazilian squadron of 2 cruisers, 4 destroyers and a tender sails for European waters, but crew illness delays them at Sierra Leone.
Adriatic: Austrians suppress plot in Tb80 at Pola.
Germany: In May light cruiser Stuttgart converted to carry 3 seaplanes on davits (since January).
North Sea: Blackburn Kangaroos of No 246 Squadron at RNAS Seaton Carew (Tees) fly 600 hours on anti-submarine patrols from May 1 to November 11; 12 U-boats sighted, 11 attacked.
Britain: During last of 44 P-Boat type patrol craft/minesweepers/submarine chasers launched (since October 1915), serve with Dover Patrol, Portsmouth and Nore commands.
Mozambique: British in East Africa capture important convoy from Germans retreating towards Nanungu.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: British mounted brigade, guarding ford at Jisr ed Damiya, attacked and compelled to fall back, leaving 9 guns.
No 1 Squadron AFC aircraft forced to land and burnt near Amman. 1 German strafing attack on May 4.

Political, etc
Between warring sides: France and Germany arrange for exchange of prisoners of war.
Austria-Hungary: Hungary: General strike, marches in 4 towns despite ban.
Germany: In May Ludendorff Fund for War Wounded opens.
Hoffmann diary on difficulties of repatriating Austro-German PoWs and 3-4 million Baltic and Polish refugees. During May 2 German divisions transfer to Western Front (until May 10).
Russia: Lenin addresses first May Day rally in Red Square and attends flying display.
The Bolshevik soldiers currently guarding (and would later execute) the Russian imperial family: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...985423940980738
France: Mr Lloyd George, M. Georges Clemenceau and Signor Vittorio Orlando attend Fifth War Council in France.
35,000 armaments workers in May Day strike at Saint-Etienne and vicinity.
United Kingdom: RFP 107% (March level). New War Pensions Warrant issued. Anglo-Australian zinc agreement for 250,000t per year for duration of war plus 1 year. In May record month’s gun production: 1750 pieces with 1275 carriages.
Inside a British gun factory in Coventry: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...entry.jpg?ssl=1
Turkey: Fist war loan in Constantinople (until May 31 and until Juni 30 outside) raises T17.8m.
United States: Further increase of U.S. Army sanctioned.
Finland: Mannerheim holds victory parade in Viborg.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Minor infantry actions.
German guns active on Villers-Bretonneux sector.
French gains in Avre valley, seize Hill 82, between Hailles and Castel.
British airmen bomb Thionville.
Zeebrugge again bombed.
Members of the British Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps playing basketball with convalescing soldiers at Etaples: © IWM (Q 8756): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...288648443326464
German soldier posing inside the barrel of the “Paris Gun,” the long-ranged artillery gun that bombarded Paris from behind German lines: © IWM (Q 87407): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...349067707011072
Royal Artillery officers rest while one plays a piano at Saint-Floris. Their dog mascot sits on top of the piano: © IWM (Q 6586): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...595680287416320
French gunners loading a massive 400mm howitzer at Sommesous: © IWM (Q 108347): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...656102638039040

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Red Western Army collapses, 20,000 PoWs; 50 guns and 200 Mgs.
German troops arrest suspected Bolsheviks: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ewiki.jpg?ssl=1
Russia: Germans occupy Taganrog in Donetz region.

Southern Front
Italy: Ferdinand Foch’s authority extended to Italian Front.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic: U-boat sinks transport Tuscania (211 of 2,400 US troops lost) 7 miles north of Rathlin island.
Channel: Dover Barrage sinks coastal submarine UB-31, which sunk 26 Allied ships during its career.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: Heavy fighting in Palestine; Turks cross Jordan at Jisr ed Damiya; attack troops holding Es Salt.

Political, etc
Germany: Prussian Landtag votes 235-183 against equal suffrage; pro-equal suffrage meetings banned on May 25.
Russia: Cossacks cable Kaiser for help against Bolsheviks.
United States: Montana bans German language teaching and textbooks, half states curtail German by summer, much book burning.
Netherlands: Agreement concluded regarding export of sand and gravel from The Netherlands for German use (see July 15th).
Spain: Real Unión wins the 1918 Copa del Ray after defeating Madrid FC by 2-0.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Quiet on front, artillery active locally. Germans fire 10,000 rounds (15t) mustard gas at US 1st Div opposite Cantigny, 693 gassed (4 deaths).
Major-General James W McAndrew now AEF CoS.
British claim 36 enemy planes. DH4s of No 55 Squadron seriously damage goods statin rail tracks and rolling stock at Thionville. Actual German losses were 22 for 33 Allied.
Flight of DH4s: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-flug.jpg?ssl=1
A French Chasseur plane shot down by German fighters near St. Maurice: © IWM (Q 60799): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...958085513236480
British soldiers next to the 16th-century Church of St. Vaast, destroyed by German artillery: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...716544974598146

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Germans and Finns surround and defeat Red Guard forces in south-west Finland. Whites occupy Kouvola. White ministers meet Mannerheim at Haapamaeki.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: Attacked by superior forces, British withdraw from Es Salt and retire to west of Jordan.

Political, etc
United Kingdom: Mr. Lloyd George returns with cheering message from Paris.
Turkey: Samsam es Sultaneh succeeds Mustaufi ul Mamalek as Persian Prime Minister (see 31st, and January 19th).

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Germans open intense bombardment of French and British positions from Locre and south of Ypres; no attack develops.
French make slight progress in Locre sector.
A German 38-cm gun in railway carriage firing: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...anone.jpg?ssl=1
France: 440 Renault FT-17 tanks delivered, only 216 with units.
French soldiers marching towards the frontlines at Ribecourt: © IWM (Q 69360): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...048722266804224
A British officer of the Tank Corps with his pet dog on a motorcycle at Neulette, France: © IWM (Q 8770): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...078941073608704
American Army barber cutting the hair of children in Bronville, France: © IWM (Q 114507): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...364484294561793

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Whites take Kotka and 3 Red evacuation ships (4,000 PoWs, 38 guns and mortars, 50 MGs).
Russia: Siberia: Novonikolayevsk Soviet arrests Czech Captain Gajda.

Southern Front
Italy: Activity increased on Italian front.
Serbia: Serbians capture and hold Bulgarian advanced positions on Dobropolye sector.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: Second action of Es Salt ends (see April 30th). British troops retreat from their 2nd offensive against Ottoman forces in Transjordan due to strong counterattacks.

Political, etc
Between warring sides: Germany and Soviet Russia establish a special commission to exchange 3 million Russian prisoners in German hands for 1 million Germans held in Russia.
Austria-Hungary: Officials seize German food from Romania and Ukraine.
Emperor closes Reichsrat.
Ukraine: Armistice signed at Korenevo between Russia and The Ukraine (German-Ukrainian Command) (see June 12th).

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Artillery fire on both sides and local encounters on whole front.
British line advanced a little at Morlancourt between Ancre and Somme.
Killed British machine gunners at the Somme: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...miens.jpg?ssl=1
A German long-range gun (Not the Paris Gun) put out of action by French guns.
France: Foch orders army commanders and higher not to yield ground for defense in depth.
American 320 mm railway gun near Mailly, France: © IWM (Q 58209): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...773470974042114

Eastern Front
Finish Civil War: Battle of Ahvenkoski: Last Red Guards surrender in Kymi Valley; 9,000 PoWs; 57 guns and 120 MGs; c.280 Reds shot (until May 15) despite orders. This is the last battle of the Finnish Civil War.
Russia: Trotsky approves ‘in principle’ re-routing Czech 2nd Division (still west of Omsk) via Archangel.

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea: U-boat sinks sloop HMS Rhododendron.
Channel: Australian ocean liner Kyarra is sunk by the German submarine UB-57, causing 6 deaths: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...711771315228672
Mozambique: Rosecol takes over Pamforce advance.
Action of Nanungu: Two very different accounts. One says: Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck is defeated at Nanungu (East Africa) by General Edward Northey's forces; Germans driven to north-east with much loss. Account two says: Paul von Lettow’s 404 men (107 casualties) beat c.800 KAR from NRFF (c.211 casualties including 106 PoWs), but both sides retire during night (until May 8).

Political, etc
Ireland: Field-Marshal Lord John Fench appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (see December 15th, 1915); Mr. Ed Shortt, Chief Secretary.
John French: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...681573186265088

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Flanders: Germans raid French positions south of Locre.
Aisne: 3 British divisions enter line to ‘rest’ (until May 15).
African American soldiers of the Harlem Hellfighters/Black Rattlers defending a trench near Maffrecourt: © IWM (Q 69943): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...803663126155264
Australian troops advanced 500 yards on a 2000-yard front against German troops at Morlancourt, France, taking 150 prisoners.
A British military traffic control signal post at Blendecques, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...098137119150081
A damaged German A.E.G. G IV aircraft brought down by anti-aircraft fire near Villers-Bretonneux: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...113202656456704
British troops erecting a camouflage screen besides a road at Abeele, Belgium to prevent German fire: © IWM (Q 8803): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...143400605143040

Eastern Front
Southern Russia: Max Hoffmann diary ‘… OHL and Eichhorn are … driving the Ukraine back into the arms of Great Russia’. Russian ships shell German troops in Mariupol on Sea of Azov, General Haller’s Poles fight Germans at Kaniow. Denisov’s Anti-Soviet Cossacks capture Novocherkassk (reinforced by Drozdovski’s 900 Whites on May B), call Krug (Assembly) for the Salvation of the Don on May 11.

Southern Front
Salonika: British coy trench raid (81 casualties) west of Lake Doiran uses body shields, blows up pillbox (night May 6-7).

Naval and Overseas Operations
Sea of Azov: Russian ships bombard Germans in Mariupol Harbor.
Russian Black Sea Fleet arrives at Odessa, surrenders to local authorities.

Political, etc
Georgia: Turko-German delegates arrive at Batum to negotiate peace with the Georgians and Armenians (see April 22nd, May 26th, and June 8th).
United States:A street beneath the Brooklyn Bridge in New York: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...128297969147905

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Rain prevents all but artillery fighting at front.
Canadian Corps withdrawn into reserve (until July 15); 5,690 casualties since March 21 although only Canadian Cavalry Brigade in major battle.
Canadian soldier with his battalion’s goat mascot: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...460575471656963

Eastern Front
Finnish Civil War: Frederickshamn (South Finland) captured by Finnish White Guards: End of the Finnish Civil War.[The civil war may be said to have begun about March 1st, 1918.]

Southern Front
British successfully raid Austro-Hungarian trenches near Lake Doiran, on Balkan front.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: Kirkuk taken by British forces (see 24th) (until May 8), 600 Turks sick and 3 damaged planes taken but evacuated with 1,600 refugees (May 11-24) due to supply difficulties. Turks retire towards Lesser Zab river.

Political, etc
Russia: Sidney Reilly (MI1c) arrives in Moscow and tries to see Vladimir Lenin.
United Kingdom: Letter of Major-General Sir F. Maurice in "Times" charging Ministers with mis-statements on the military position.
Romania: Peace of Bucharest: Final Treaty of Peace signed between Romania and Bulgaria, Central Powers and Turkey (see March 5th), together with various supplementary treaties between the separate contracting parties (see November 10th). Bulgaria gets all land lost in 1913, Central Powers to control Danube estuary, 1/3 Army to be demobilized at once; indefinite military occupation (August von Mackensen C-in-C in May 11).
Signing of the Treaty of Bucharest: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...rest.jpeg?ssl=1
Minor Allies: Nicaragua declares war on Germany.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Kaiserschlacht: Strong local attack by Germans between La Clytte and Voormezeele, making gains around Morlancourt.
Australians push forward.
Activity in Avre valley.
The Royal Air Force is reorganized. The designations of the newly established Areas are revised to reflect their geographical locations within the United Kingdom:
• No.1 Area became South-Eastern Area - Major General F.C. Heath-Caldwell
• No.2 Area became South-Western Area - Major General M.E.F. Kerr
• No.3 Area became Midland Area - Major General J.F.A. Higgins
• No.4 Area became North-Eastern Area - Major General the Honorable Sir F. Gordon
• No.5 Area became North-Western Area - Major General G.C. Cayley
Hugh Trenchard accepts command of Independent Air Force for bombing Germany.
The first heavy British strategic bombers is the Handley-Page 0/400, here in flight. But they arrive too late to see many operations before the armistice: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-Flug.jpg?ssl=1
Frenchwomen workers at a food warehouse for American soldiers: © IWM (Q 69425): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...490816587976706
British officer at Neulette, France feeding a canary rescued at the front: © IWM (Q 10948): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...521116898619392

Eastern Front
Russia: German forces occupy Rostov, on the Don.

Southern Front
Salonika: 6 RAF aircraft drop 4,500lb bombs (in 72 sorties) on Bulgarian Drama airfield, 24 aircraft bomb rail stations and dumps on May 13-14; 27 aircraft bomb Hudova airfield (repeated on May 21, 23, 29, 30); probable 8 Bulgarian aircraft shot down in May.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Mediterranean: Royal Navy convoy sloop Wallflower depth charges and sinks veteran U-32 attacking convoy 40 miles northwest of Malta.
Adriatic: 4 Austrian destroyers fail to land raiding party to cut coast railway north of Pescara (night May 8-9).

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Mesopotamia: Operations continued on Baghdad-Mosul road.
Turkish troops attacked by British airmen on Tigris, north of Tekrit.

Political, etc
Russia: Red Army forms General Staff under Lenin’s friend Major-General Bonch-Bruevich with 5 fronts.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.